ngoại ứng
Definition
- Noun:
- Externality: An economic effect where the production or consumption of a good or service impacts third parties who are not directly involved in the transaction. This impact can be positive (benefit) or negative (cost).
- External effect / External influence: A consequence or factor originating from outside a specific system or process.
Usage Examples
- Noun:
- Ô nhiễm từ nhà máy là một ví dụ về ngoại ứng tiêu cực. (Pollution from the factory is an example of a negative externality.)
- Giáo dục tạo ra ngoại ứng tích cực cho toàn xã hội. (Education creates a positive externality for the whole society.)
- Sự phát triển của công nghệ là một ngoại ứng quan trọng đối với tăng trưởng kinh tế. (Technological development is an important external influence on economic growth.)
Advanced Usage
- In economic theory: The term is central to discussions on market failure and public policy. Governments may tax negative externalities (like pollution) or subsidize positive ones (like vaccination).
- Các nhà hoạch định chính sách cần tính đến các ngoại ứng khi đánh thuế. (Policymakers need to account for externalities when taxing.)
Variants and Related Words
- Hiệu ứng ngoại lai: Another term for "externality," used interchangeably in economics.
- Tác động ngoại sinh: Refers to an exogenous impact or shock from outside an economic model.
Synonyms
- Spillover effect: A similar concept where an activity's effects "spill over" to affect others.
- Third-party effect: An impact on parties not directly involved.
- External cost/benefit: Specifically refers to the negative or positive aspect of an externality.
Related Concepts
- Internalizing the externality: The process of incorporating the external cost or benefit into the market price, often through government intervention.
- Thuế carbon là một cách để nội hóa ngoại ứng. (A carbon tax is a way to internalize the externality.)
- Public good: A type of good that often involves positive externalities, as its consumption is non-rivalrous and non-excludable.